Ahorcamiento con soga. Presentación de un caso atípico / Hanging with rope. Presentation of an atypical case

RESUMEN Las asfixias mecánicas son aquellas que resultan de un impedimento mecánico a la penetración del aire en las vías respiratorias. Suelen clasificarse atendiendo a la naturaleza del medio mecánico que las origina, y a su modo de actuar. El ahorcamiento no es más que la constricción del cuello, ejercida por un lazo sujeto a un punto fijo, sobre el cual ejerce tracción el propio peso del cuerpo. La muerte, según las circunstancias del caso, puede ocurrir por un mecanismo asfíctico, circulatorio, inhibitorio o por lesión medular (caso raro de presentación). El presente trabajo constituyó un caso atípico de ahorcamiento. El ciudadano que resultó fallecido, al dejarse caer bruscamente del balcón de su vivienda, con el dogal en el cuello (soga) y quedar pendiendo el cuerpo, ocasionó un traumatismo raquimedular severo; lo que trajo como consecuencia que se produjera una fractura de la 3ra vértebra cervical, y una contusión medular que lo llevó a la muerte de forma instantánea por el shock medular ocasionado. Para la discusión del caso se tuvo en cuenta los elementos del lugar del hecho, y el examen del cadáver externa e internamente.

ABSTRACT Mechanical asphyxias are those resulting from a mechanical interruption of air penetration to the respiratory tract. They are usually classified according to the nature of the mechanical mean originating them and the way they perform. Hanging is no more that the neck constriction, executed by a lace attached to a fixed point, on which the proper weight of the body applies traction. Death, according to the circumstances of the case, may occur by an asphyxiating, circulatory, inhibitory mechanism or by medullar lesion (a rare case of presentation). The current work reports a case of atypical hanging. The person who died, when abruptly jumped down the balcony of his house with the rope around the neck and the body was left pending, suffered a severe spinomedullar trauma, causing a fracture of the 3rd cervical vertebra, and a medullar contusion causing an instantaneous death due to the medullar shock. To discuss the case, the authors took into account elements of the location where it took place, and the external and internal examination of the body.

"Brincadeira do desmaio": uma nova moda mortal entre crianças e adolescentes. Características psicofisiológicas, comportamentais e epidemiologia dos 'jogos de asfixia' / The "choking game": a new craze among Brazilian children and young people. Psychophysiological, behavioral and epidemiological characteristics of 'asphyxial games'

Resumo As 'brincadeiras do desmaio' são comportamentos de risco que têm se difundido rapidamente entre crianças e jovens, provocando dependência, acidentes e mesmo mortes, inclusive no Brasil. Estas atividades são realizadas para vivenciarem sensações eufóricas e fugazes, atraindo grande número de adeptos por meio de milhares de vídeos postados no YouTube. A problemática dos 'jogos de asfixia' é observada nas mídias digitais brasileiras, mas carece de estudos científicos. Por meio de revisão sistemática da literatura e de bibliografia complementar, este trabalho objetiva discorrer sobre os 'jogos de asfixia', alertando aos aspectos psicofisiológicos e comportamentais, aos riscos potenciais destas práticas e, também, apresentar dados epidemiológicos internacionais. Compartilhar essas informações no meio acadêmico é de extrema importância dada a necessidade de maiores conhecimentos sobre o tema, de realizar capacitação de profissionais e de propor medidas preventivas que sensibilizem crianças e jovens ao perigo potencial dos desmaios voluntários. Sensibilizar igualmente os pais e professores a atentarem aos sinais decorrentes destas práticas. É também relevante a busca de apoio dos governantes para o controle da divulgação de vídeos incitativos.

Abstract The 'choking game' is a risk-taking behavior that has spread quickly among children and young people, causing dependence, accidents and even death, including in Brazil. These activities are performed in order to experience fleeting euphoric sensations, attracting numerous participants through the thousands of videos posted on YouTube. The problem of 'asphyxial games' can be observed in the Brazilian digital media, although there is a lack of scientific studies. Through a systematic review of the literature and complementary material, this paper aims to address the 'asphyxial games', warning about the psychophysiological and behavioral effects of these practices, while also presenting international epidemiological data. Sharing this information in academic circles is extremely important given the need to acquire more knowledge on the topic, train professionals and propose preventive measures that raise awareness among children and young people of the potential danger of voluntary fainting. It is equally important to raise awareness among parents and teachers so they can identify the warning signs that children may be engaging in these practices. And finally, it is also necessary to request government support to control exposure to videos that encourage the behavior.

Peligro de asfixia: conocimiento de los padres sobre la aspiración de cuerpos extraños en niños / Choking hazard: parental knowledge on foreign body aspiration in children / Perigo de asfixia: o conhecimento dos pais sobre aspiração de corpos estranhos em crianças

La aspiración de un cuerpo extraño es una causa importante y prevenible de morbimortalidad en la infancia. Uno de los factores de riesgo principales de la asfixia es la falta de conocimiento de los padres y cuidadores acerca de los objetos peligrosos, las situaciones de riesgo y los signos clínicos de un cuerpo extraño en la vía aérea. Para evitar eventos de asfixia y realizar diagnósticos oportunos para el manejo adecuado, el conocimiento en la comunidad acerca de esta problemática debe aumentar. Evaluamos el conocimiento de los padres sobre la aspiración de cuerpos extraños en niños a fin de proponer estrategias de prevención y evitar nuevos accidentes.

The aspiration of a foreign body is an important and preventable cause of morbidity and mortality in childhood. One of the major risk factors of asphyxia is that parents or caregivers may lack knowledge of the dangerous nature of many objects, risk situations, and clinical signs of a foreign body in the airway. To avoid choking events and make an early and adequate diagnosis for the proper management of this unfortunate event, community awareness should be increased. We evaluate how much parents know about the aspiration of foreign bodies in children in order to propose prevention strategies as well as to avoid further accidents.

A aspiração de corpo estranho é uma causa importante e evitável de morbidade e mortalidade na infância. Um dos principais fatores de risco de asfixia é a falta de conhecimento dos pais e cuidadores sobre objetos perigosos, situações de risco e sinais clínicos de um corpo estranho na via aérea. Para evitar a asfixia eventos e fazer diagnósticos atempados para a correcta gestão, o conhecimento da comunidade sobre este problema deve aumentar. Nós avaliar o conhecimento dos pais sobre aspiração de corpo estranho em crianças, a fim de propor estratégias para a prevenção e evitar novos acidentes.

Study of hanging cases in Ahmedabad Region.

In spite of advancement in medical facilities, the natural end of life is inevitable. But for some persons, the death is destined earlier in an un-natural way. A few choose to make their own way by committing suicide. The major reasons are personnel problems, stress of life, family problems and financial problems. There are many methods for committing suicide like poisoning, hanging, self-immolation, drowning etc. Hanging provides painless death so it is one of the commonly adopted methods for suicide. However, in a few instances false allegations are made claiming that the ligature mark over neck is of strangulation rather than hanging. Vice versa cases are also likely. In such cases, the post-mortem findings are very helpful to differentiate between the two. Present prospective study was carried out at the mortuary of Civil Hospital, Ahmedabad over 2 years period ranging from December 2008 to November 2010 with a view to study to incidence, ligature materials, and post-mortem findings in hanging cases. The place of hanging, manner of death and reason for death were also studied in the study.

Foreign body asphyxiation in children.

We aimed to investigate the frequency and epidemiological features of deaths due to foreign body asphyxiation (FBA) in childhood, over 1990-2003. Of the victims, 14 (63.6%) were male and 8 (36.4%) females. The mean age of the victims was 2.2 +/- 0.6 years. There were 20 (90.9%) children between 1 and 3 years, and two other cases at 2/12 and 5 years of ages. All aspirations had occurred at home. Eight (36.4%) of the victims were dead on arrival, 11 (50%) on intervention, and 3 (13.6%) after complications. Food material was the most commonly aspirated foreign body in 81.8% of the cases, nuts being the most common (50%). Food asphyxiation remains a common problem particularly in children between 1 and 3 years of age in our region. These fatal accidents can be prevented by parental education and early recognition and management of the situation.

Asfixia por sofocación y estrangulación en menores de 15 años / Asphyxiation by Suffocation and Strangulation in Children Younger than 15 Years of Age

Objetivo: describir características de eventos fatales asociados a estrangulación y sofocación no intencional en menores de 15 años. Material y métodos: registros del Servicio Médico Forense. Niños que fallecieron por estrangulación o sofocación no intencional de 01/01/1991 a 31/12/2001. Resultados: 44 sofocaciones o estrangulaciones no intencionales. Mortalidad de 3.62/1 '000,000 años-persona (27.57/1 '000,000 en menores de 1 año, 1.94/1 '000.000 en el resto), 63.6% hombres. Mecanismos más frecuentes: atrapamiento de cuello entre barrotes 18.2%, obstrucción facial por ropa de cama 15.9%, cubierto por escombro, arena o basura 15.9%, estrangulación por cordón, cadena o listón 11.4%, estrangulación por ropa de vestir o cama 9.1%. Conclusiones: casi todas las defunciones registradas podrían haberse prevenido mediante educación, supervisión o modificaciones estructurales del equipo. Las estrategias también deben incluir estándares obligatorios de manufactura y advertencias en eletiquetado de losproductos.

Objective: Our aim was to describe non-intentional strangulation or suffocation suffered by children under 15 years of age. Methods: Records from the Medical Examiner's Office showed child death by non-intentional strangulation or suffocation from January 1, 1991 to December 31, 2001. Results: A total of 44 suffocations or non-intentional strangulations were registered. Overall mortality was 3.62/ 1000,000 persons-year (27.57/1000,000 in children < 1 year of age, 1.94/1000.000 in older children); 63.6% were males. Most frequent mechanisms included neck entrapment between bars 18.2%, facial obstruction by bed clothes 15.9%, being covered by rubble, sand, or garbage 15.9%, strangulation by cord, chain, or strip 11.4%, and strangulation by dress or bed clothes 9.1%. Conclusions: Nearly all registered deaths could be prevented by education, supervision, or structural modifications. Strategies should also include obligatory standards for manufacturing and for warnings on labels.

Suicidios reportados en el área Metropolitana occidente de Santiago 1997 / Suicide reported cases at Santiago, western metropolitan area, 1997

Del total de casos de suicidio informados en el año 1997 en el Area Metropolitana Occidente de Santiago (n=86), se encontró diferencias significativas en relación con la estación del año, correspondiendo, 23 casos en verano, 25 en otoño, 19 en invierno y 19 en primavera. Los métodos de suicidio más comúnmente usados fue asfixia por ahorcamiento y herida por bala, 68,6 por ciento y 12,8 por ciento, respectivamente. La cifra de casos con alcoholemia > 0,5 mg/dl, alcnzó al 33,72 por ciento del total

Asfixia por inmersión / Immersion by asphyxia

Se analizan 19 pacientes ingresados con el diagnóstico de asfixia por inmersión entre el 31 de diciembre de 1983 y el 31 de diciembre de 1987 con una edad promedio de 2 años 3 meses. Al momento del rescate todos los niños tenían cianosis y 16 apnea, pero sólo 11 recibieron algún tipo de reanimación, siendo ésta adecuada sólo en 4. Siete pacientes ingresaron en etapa A de Coon, 2 en etapa B y 10 en etapa C. En 6 casos se efectuó monitoría de la presión intracraneana, demostrándose hipertensión en dos, que fallecieron. Cinco pacientes desarrollaron edema pulmonar no cardiogénico y 4 presentaron hipotensión arterial acentuada en las primeras 24 horas, requiriendo fluidoterapia, coloides y medicamentos inotrópicos. Cuatro pacientes fallecieron, todos estaban en etapa C al ingreso. Sólo un paciente quedó con secuelas neurológicas definitivas. En las primeras horas siguientes a la reanimación, las principales complicaciones fueron la inestabilidad hemodinámica, los trastornos respiratorios y los derivados de la encefalopatía hipóxica. El aumento de la PIC no fue un problema precoz, cuando se presentó lo hizo en forma tardía, 24 a 48 horas después de la inmersión. Se subraya la necesidad de fomentar la prevención, mejorar los programas de transporte y educación de técnicas de reanimación básica